Monday, February 14, 2011

Week 5_08/02/2011

Revision Questions:

1.What is phonology?
2.Is phonological knowledge important?
3.Phoneme?
4.Allophone?
5.Plural morphemes-rules?Exception to the rule?
6.How to pronouns plural morphemes?
7.Allomorphs?
8.Minimal Pairs.

40 comments:

  1. 1. Phonology is the link between Phonetics and the rest of Linguistic. Phonology is about the sound systems in language. Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages. Phonology deals with the way speech sound behaves in particular languages or in languages generally. This focuses on the way languages use differences between sounds in order to convey differences of meaning between words. Theories of phonology hold that spoken language can be broken down into string of sound units called ‘phonemes’. The phonological system of a language includes an inventory of sound and their features, and rules which specify how the sound interact with each other. Phonology is one of several aspect of language. It’s related to other aspects such as phonetics, morphology, syntax, and pragmatics.



    2. Phonological knowledge is important because it’s focus on phonological structure or sound structure of spoken words. Phonological knowledge awareness for a student in the elementary setting because students have not grasped the phonemic awareness they should have acquired in the earlier years of their education. It is the ability to hear the particular sounds that make up the words. Phonological knowledge involves the detection and manipulation of sound at three levels of sound structures which is syllables, rimes, and phonemes. Phonological awareness is one component of processing system used for speaking and listening.




    3. Phonemes is the smallest ‘distinctive unit sound’ of a language. It distinguishes one word from another in a given language. This means changing a phoneme in a word produces another word that has a different meaning. For an example, in the pair of words ‘cat’ and ‘bat’, the distinguishing sound /c/ and /b/ are both phonemes. The phoneme is an abstract term and it is specific to a particular language.




    4. A phoneme may have several allophones. Allophones related to the sound that are distinct but do not change the meaning of a word when they are interchanges. For an example, the sound corresponding to the letter‘t’ in the English words of ‘tea’ and ‘trip’ are not in fact quite the same. The position of the tongue is slightly different. Thus, the (t) in ‘tea’ and the (t) in ‘trip’ are allophones of the phoneme /t/.

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  2. Phonology is the study of sounds in a particular language. Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages. “Phone” in phonology relates to sounds and originated from the Greek word phoneme which means sounds. Phonology is related to other aspects such as phonetics, morphology, syntax and pragmatics.

    It is important for a language teacher to have a good knowledge of these as they are the building blocks of languages. It is necessary to grasp the alphabetic principle that underlies our system of written language. If children understand that words can be divided into individual phonemes and that phonemes can be blended into words, they are able to use letter-sound knowledge to read and build words.

    The smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language. Changing one phoneme in a word can produce another word. A minimal unit that serves to distinguish between meanings of words. Pronounced in one or more ways, depending on the number of allophones.Reprensented between slashes by convention. Example: /b/, /j/, /o/.

    An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language. Each allophone is used in a specific phonetic content. For example, p as in ‘pin’ and p as in ‘spin’ are allophones.

    Allomorph is one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme in its different phonological or morphological environments. The plural morpheme in English usually written as ‘-s’, have at least three allomorphs:
    • [-s] as in [hQts] 'hats'
    • [-z] as in [d&u0254;gz] 'dogs'
    • [«z] as in [bŒks«z] 'boxes'

    Minimal pairs are pairs of word that only have one sound different. Example, ‘But’ and ‘Bat’ are a minimal pair. Only the vowel sound is a different. Minimal pairs are a useful way to highlight a sound in a meaning context and also to show the learner how important correct pronunciation of the sound is.

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  3. 7. An allomorph means any of the variant forms of a morpheme but it is a different from a morpheme. The regular simple past ending is –ed. For an example, in the verb ‘advised’ the ending is pronounced /d/ but in ‘walked’ its pronounced /t/ and in ‘wanted’ it is pronounced /i:d/. A verb ending in –e, like ‘hire’ only takes –d. These are different forms of the same thing and they are allomorphs of the simple past tense of ending.



    8. Minimal pairs is a set of two word that are differentiate by one tiny sound. If learner can distinguish these tiny sounds, it will help them with pronunciation and comprehension. A minimal pairs consists of two words that have just one small difference in sound with different meanings. 'Ship' and 'Sheep' or ‘pick’ and ‘peek’ is a minimal pair.

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  4. 1.What is phonology?

    Phonology is that branch of linguistics which studies the sound system of languages. The sound system involves the actual pronunciation of words, which can be broken up into the smallest units of pronunciation, known as a segment or a phoneme. Phonology is just one of several aspects of language. It is related to other aspects such as phonetics, morphology, syntax, and pragmatics.

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    2.Is phonological knowledge important?

    Phonological knowledge is important to an individual's awareness of the phonological structure, or sound structure, of spoken words.
    It involves analyzing and combining the smallest units of phonemes in a variety of ways, in order to connect the symbols (letters) which represent them, to specific meanings. For example, the word “bat,” has three phonemes. It also used in reading or listening skills, so that we can distinguish environmental and speech sounds from one another.

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    3.Phoneme?

    A phoneme is a set of allophones. A phoneme is the smallest unit of language recognized by a native speaker (example: /k/ in the word written "cat"). Meaningful groups of these units strung together (/k/+/a/+/t/) become words, phrases and sentences. The examples of the phonemes /r/ and /l/ occurring in a minimal pair:

    * rip
    * lip

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    4.Allophone?

    An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language. Or it can be explained as the members of the family 'phoneme'. For example, the /l/ sound is pronounced in ‘love'.

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  5. 5.Plural morphemes-rules?Exception to the rule?

    In the English language, nouns are inflected for grammatical number—that is, singular or plural. The plural morpheme in English is suffixed to the end of most nouns. The plural form is usually represented orthographically by adding -s to the singular form (see exceptions below). The phonetic form of the plural morpheme is [z] by default. Examples:

    boy -boys
    girl -girls
    chair -chairs

    When the preceding sound is a voiceless consonant—such as [t], [p], or [k]—it is pronounced [s]. Examples:

    cat -cats
    lap -laps
    clock -clocks

    Where a noun ends in a sibilant sound—[s], [z], or [ʤ]—the plural is formed by adding [ɪz] (also pronounced [əz]), which is spelled -es if the word does not already end with -e:

    dish -dishes
    glass -glasses
    judge -judges
    phase -phases
    witch -witches

    There are several complications introduced in spelling.

    The -oes rule: most nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant also form their plurals by adding -es (pronounced [z]):

    hero -heroes
    potato -potatoes
    volcano -volcanoes or volcanos

    The -ies rule: nouns ending in a y preceded by a consonant usually drop the y and add -ies (pronounced [iz]). This is taught to many American and British students with the rhyme: "Change the y to i and add es":

    cherry -cherries
    lady -ladies


    Exception to the rule

    - Words ending in a y preceded by a vowel form their plurals regularly:

    day -days
    monkey -monkeys

    (Money/Monies is an exception, but money can also form its plural regularly.)

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    6.How to pronouns plural morphemes?

    When the plural is formed by adding /s/, we pronouns:

    lap laps /læps/
    cat cats /kæts/
    clock clocks /klɒks/

    When the regular plural adds /z/, we pronouns

    boy boys /bɔɪz/
    girl girls /ɡɜrlz/
    chair chairs /tʃɛərz/

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    7.Allomorphs?

    An allomorph is a linguistics term for a variant form of a morpheme. The concept occurs when a unit of meaning can vary in sound (phonologically) without changing meaning. It is used in linguistics to explain the comprehension of variations in sound for a specific morpheme. For example,

    The negative prefix in has several allomorphs:

    * In-capable
    * Il-logical
    * Im-probable
    * Ir-reverent

    8.Minimal Pairs.

    Minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases in a particular language, which differ in only one phonological element, such as a phone or phoneme and have a distinct meaning. They are used to demonstrate that two phones constitute two separate phonemes in the language. For example,

    bed - bad
    pay - bay
    sip - zip

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  6. Regular plurals is the plural morpheme in English is suffixedto the end of most nouns.The plural form is usually represented orthographically by adding –s to the singular form.The phonetic form of the plural morpheme is/z/ by default when the preceeding sound is voiceless consonant,it is pronounced /s/.Example ; lap laps,cat cats,boy boys,girl girls.

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  7. Hye & Assalamualaikum everybody....
    ^^
    it's me, aini.




    Phonology; Is phonological knowledge important;

    Phonology can be defined as is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning in any spoken human language. It is viewed as the subfield of linguistics that deals with the sound systems of languages. An important part of traditional forms of phonology has been studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as (phonemes).

    Phonology is important to an individual's awareness of the phonological structure, or sound structure, of spoken words. Phonology knowledge awareness for a student in the elementary setting because students have not grasped the phonemic awareness they should have acquired in the earlier years of their education. It is the ability to hear the particular sounds that make up the words.




    Phonemes;

    Phonemes is the smallest ‘distinctive unit sound’ of a language. It distinguishes one word from another in a given language. This means changing a phoneme in a word produces another word that has a different meaning. For an example, in the pair of words ‘cat’ and ‘bat’, the distinguishing sound /c/ and /b/ are both phonemes.




    Allophones;

    Allophones related to the sound that are distinct but do not change the meaning of a word when they are interchanges. For an example, the sound corresponding to the letter‘t’ in the English words of ‘tea’ and ‘trip’ are not in fact quite the same. The position of the tongue is slightly different. Thus, the (t) in ‘tea’ and the (t) in ‘trip’ are allophones of the phoneme /t/. An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language. Such as; - [p] and [pH] are allophones of the phoneme /p/.
    - [t] and [tH] are allophones of the phoneme /t/.




    Plural morphemes;

    The plural morpheme in English is suffixed to the end of most nouns. The plural form is usually represented orthographically by adding -s to the singular form (see exceptions below). The phonetic form of the plural morpheme is [z] by default.



    Allomorphs;

    In the exposition above, morphological rules are described as analogies between word forms: dog is to dogs dish is to dishes. In this case, the analogy applies both to the form of the words and to their meaning: in each pair, the first word means "one of X", while as cat is to cats, and as the second "two or more of X", and the difference is always the plural form -s affixed to the second word, signaling the key distinction between singular and plural entities.

    One of the largest sources of complexity in morphology is that this one-to-one correspondence between meaning and form scarcely applies to every case in the language.

    In English, we have word form pairs like ox/oxen, goose/geese, and sheep/sheep, where the difference between the singular and the plural is signaled in a way that departs from the regular pattern, or is not signaled at all.

    Even cases considered "regular", with the final -s, are not so simple; the -s in dogs is not pronounced the same way as the -s in cats, and in a plural like dishes, an "extra" vowel appears before the -s. These cases, where the same distinction is effected by alternative forms of a "word", are called allomorphs.




    Minimal pairs;

    Minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases in a particular language. They are used to demonstrate that two phones constitute two separate phonemes in the language. Minimal pairs are pairs of words that have one phonological element that is different.

    For examples;

    - Log: dog
    - Leather: feather
    - Tick: lick
    - Lock: rock
    - Lake: back
    - Look: book
    - Cook: look

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  8. Dear all, here are my research findings. I have tried to make them as simple as I could. I hope it will help all of you for your revision. Please do correct me if i am wrong. Thanks lots. :)

    1.) What is phonology?

    Phonology is the study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. It is the sound system of a language whereby people learned to speak a particular language.

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    2.) Is phonological knowledge important?

    Phonology is the basis of spoken and written language. Without a standard sound pattern to letters symbolizing sound, we would be speaking in mere utterances, like we hear animals. We have words founded on phonology or sound patterns and learn to speak and read by following the order of this spoken and written system. In addition, in my opinion I think it is important to a teacher as well so that they can break new words down and explain why it sounds the way it does. It is also helped to enhance students’ learning.

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    3.) Phoneme

    Phoneme is the smallest phonetic unit in a language that is capable of conveying a distinction in meaning, as the /m/ of ‘mat’ and the /b/ of ‘bat’ in English.

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    4.) Allophone

    Allophone is a predictable phonetic variant of a phoneme.

    For example, the aspirated /t/ of ‘top’, the unaspirated /t/ of ‘stop’, and the /tt/ (pronounced as a flap) of ‘batter’ are allophones of the English phoneme /t/.

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    5.) Plural morphemes-rules? Exception to the rule?

    Morpheme is a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word. It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. For example, man, or a word element, such as ‘–ed’ in walked. Therefore, it is a speech element having a meaning or grammatical function that cannot be subdivided into further such elements.

    The plural morpheme in English is suffixed to the end of most nouns. Regular English plurals fall into three classes, depending upon the sound that ends the singular form:

    Where a singular noun ends in a sibilant sound—/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/,or /dʒ/—the plural is formed by adding /ɨz/. The spelling adds -es, or -s if the singular already ends in -e:

    massage massages
    witch witches
    judge judges

    When the singular form ends in a voiceless consonant (other than a sibilant) — /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/ or /θ/, — the plural is formed by adding /s/. The spelling adds –s.

    cuff-cuffs,
    death-deaths


    For all other words (i.e. words ending in vowels or voiced non-sibilants) the regular plural adds /z/, represented orthographically by -s:

    boy boys /bɔɪz/
    girl girls /ɡɜrlz/
    chair chairs /tʃɛərz/

    Morphophonetically, these rules are sufficient to describe most English plurals. However, there are several complications introduced in spelling.

    The -oes rule: most nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant also form their plurals by adding -es (pronounced /z/):

    hero heroes
    potato potatoes
    volcano volcanoes or volcanos

    The -ies rule: nouns ending in a y preceded by a consonant usually drop the y and add -ies (pronounced /iz/). This is taught to many North American and British students with the mnemonic:

    "Change the y to i and add es":
    cherry cherries
    lady ladies

    Words ending in a y preceded by a vowel form their plurals regularly:

    day days
    monkey monkeys

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  9. continue...

    6.) How to pronouns plural morphemes?

    Where a singular noun ends in a sibilant sound—/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/,or /dʒ/—the plural is formed by adding /ɨz/. The spelling adds -es, or -s if the singular already ends in -e:

    kiss kisses /ˈkɪsɨz/
    phase phases /ˈfeɪzɨz/
    dish dishes /ˈdɪʃɨz/

    When the singular form ends in a voiceless consonant (other than a sibilant) — /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/ or /θ/, — the plural is formed by adding /s/. The spelling adds -s. Examples:

    lap laps /læps/
    cat cats /kæts/
    clock clocks /klɒks/

    For all other words (i.e. words ending in vowels or voiced non-sibilants) the regular plural adds /z/, represented orthographically by -s:

    boy boys /bɔɪz/
    girl girls /ɡɜrlz/
    chair chairs /tʃɛərz/


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    7.) Allomorphs

    An allomorph is a linguistics term for a variant form of a morpheme. The concept occurs when a unit of meaning can vary in sound (phonologically) without changing meaning. It is used in linguistics to explain the comprehension of variations in sound for a specific morpheme. It is any of the phonological representations of a single morpheme. For example, the final (s) and (z) sounds of bets and beds are allomorphs of the English noun-plural morpheme.

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    8.) Minimal Pair

    Minimal pair is a pair of speech elements in a given language differing in only one respect and thus serving to identify minimum units such as phonemes, morphemes, and so on. For example, tin and din constitute a minimal pair in English. There are some of the examples:

    bat - pat
    let - lit
    pin – bin
    lot - rot
    pen - pan

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  12. Most of you are copying everything from the net without trying to understand what it is all about first...read,understand and post what you have understood...give your own examples...this will help you understand better...if you are confused,pose your questions in the blog and I'll answer them...
    So there you are Fenin,first of all understand what 'minimal pairs'are all about and then come out with your own examples...

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  13. 1.What is Phonology?

    -Phonology can be defined as the speech sound in a particular language or the way speech sound behave in language generally. Phonology is the link between phonetics and rest of Linguistics. Phonology as another branch of linguistics,it includes ranges of sounds and their features.Phonology is one of numerous aspects of language,which related to other aspects of language such as phonetics,morphology,syntax and pragmatics.

    2.Is phonological knowledge important?

    -Phonological knowledge refers to an individual's awareness of the phonological structure, or sound structure, of spoken words.Phonological knowledge is an important determiner of success in learning to read and spell. For most children, strong readers have strong phonological knowledge, and poor readers have poor phonological skills.In addition,Phonological awareness instruction improves reading and spelling skills.Phonological knowledge is important because it as possible to acquire a full understanding of the use of sounds in english speech.

    3.Phoneme?

    -All theories of phonology hold that spoken language can be broken down into a string of sound units called phonemes.A phoneme is a smallest ‘distinctive unit sound’ of a language.Phoneme is a minimal unit that serves to distinguish between meanings of words.Phoneme can be pronounced in one or more ways, depending on the number of allophones.

    4.Allophone?

    -The word "allophone" is formed from the Greek roots allos, meaning other, and phone, meaning sound or voice. Notice that any two sounds of a given language represent either two allophones of the same phoneme ,if the sounds can be interchanged in words with no resulting change in meaning, such as the p's of pit and keep,or two different phonemes (if the sounds cannot be interchanged without a resulting change in meaning, such as the m and s of milk and silk).

    7.Allomorphs?

    - An allomorph is one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme and its different phonological or morphological environments. The allomorphs of a morpheme are derived from phonological rules and any morphophonemic rules that may apply to that morpheme.

    8.Minimal pairs?

    -Minimal pairs are pairs of words that only have one sound different. ‘But' and ‘bat' are a minimal pair. Only the vowel sound is different. Minimal pairs are a useful way to highlight a sound in a meaningful context and also to show the learner how important correct pronunciation of the sound is.

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  15. sorry ma'm..
    bt i hv read it before i post it..
    the others pair of the minimal pairs >>
    pay - bay
    sip - zip
    are under the same category with bad-bed.
    i'm confused with the minimal pair. i will search it for additional information.
    sorry ma'm

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  16. Hai...!

    Phonology
    is the study of sound system of language. The sound system involve the actual pronunciation of words,which can be broken up into the smallest unit of pronunciation, known as segment or a phoneme.

    Is it important?
    Yes,it it. because it`s focus on phonology structure or sound structure of spoken words. It is necessary to grasp the alphabatic principles that underlies our system of written language. For example the word `bat` has three phonemes. It also used in reading or listening skill. So that we distinguish environment and speech sounds from one another.

    phoneme
    is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language. It`s represented between slashes by convention. For example, /b/, /j/, /o/. If a phoneme change, the word may change. For example, change the sound in `lack` to a b and the word change to `back`.

    allophone
    is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language. For example, [p] and [ph] are allophone of the phoneme /p/. [t] and [th] are allophone of the phoneme /t/.

    plural phoneme
    is suffixed to the end of most sounds. Regular English plural fall into three classes. Depending upon the sound that ends the singular form. The plural is formed by adding -es, or -s if the singular already ends in -e:

    kiss kisses /ˈkɪsɨz/
    phase phases /ˈfeɪzɨz/

    Minimal pairs
    are pairs of words or phrases in particular language. they are used to demonstrate that two phones constitute two separate phoneme in the language. An example of English consonant is the minimal pairs of `pin` + `bin`. In phonetic, this pair like any other, differ in a number of ways. In this case, the contrast appears largely to be conveyed with different in the voice onset time of the initial consonant as the configuration of the mouth is the same for [p] and [b].

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  17. 1.What is phonology?
    *The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.

    3.Phoneme?
    * a minimal meaningful sound of part of speech.

    4.Allophone?
    *is one of several similar phones or speech sounds, that belong to the same phoneme. Each allophone is used in a specific phonetic context.

    7.Allomorphs?
    *An allomorph is one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme in its different phonological or morphological environments.

    8.Minimal Pairs.
    *In phonetics, two words that differ in only one sound (a phoneme), such as hit and hid.

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  19. phoneme is..........

    In spoken language, a phoneme is a basic, theoretical unit of sound that can distinguish words (i.e. changing one phoneme in a word can produce another word).

    A succinct way to describe the idea of a phoneme is the smallest difference that makes a difference. A phoneme may well represent categorically several phonetically similar or phonologically related sounds (the relationship may not be so phonetically obvious, which is one of the problems with this conceptual scheme).

    Two words that are differentiated by one phoneme, such as "cat" and "rat", are known as a minimal pair.

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  20. Definition
    An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language.

    Examples:
    [p] and [pH] are allophones of the phoneme /p/.
    [t] and [tH] are allophones of the phoneme /t/

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  21. ma'm correct me if im wrong by this meaning

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  22. phonology is from my understandin is

    A study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages; one of several aspects of language.

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  23. tis ar the example of phonology..

    Example 1: CLAIM-the following words are

    composed of the same sounds (i¸l, p, s),

    simply arranged in different orders
    .
    lips slip spill Pils lisp plissé1

    Example 2:
    There was an old woman who lived in a shoe,

    She had so many children she didn’t know what to do,

    She gave them some broth without any bread
    ,
    She whipped them all soundly and put them to bed.

    Hickery dickery dock,

    The mouse ran up the clock,

    The clock struck one,

    The mouse ran down,

    Hickery dickery dock.

    My professor is a dresser,

    Wears a coat and tie,

    But at home where there’s no pressure,
    What he wears, oh my!

    My lit’rature professor is a very snazzy dresser,

    He wears a pricey coat and paisley tie,

    But when he’s at his home and he has no kind of pressure,

    The things that he will wear, oh me oh my!

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  24. plural morphemes that i find out...

    In English, to form the plural noun from the singular one is by adding the plural marker to the noun. The common plural marker or the plural morpheme is the suffix –s, although in reality this morpheme can be realized by the phonetic representations [s], [z], or [iz]. These phonetic representations or allomorphs are conditioned by the phones of the base to which the plural morpheme is added.

    Some countable nouns are not added with the suffix –s to make them plural but the number of these types are not as many as those added with the suffix –s. Therefore, this plural morpheme is usually called the morpheme –s because this suffix frequently occurs in the plural noun formation. The following are the examples of the words containing the plural morpheme or the morpheme {-s} which is pronounced /s/, /z/, or /iz/

    Singular {-s} Plural Phobetic
    Representation

    baby -s babies [beibiz]
    bag -s bags [bægz]
    book -s books [buks]
    box -s boxes [boksiz]
    cat -s cats [kæts]
    dog -s dogs [dogz]

    As mentioned above, the plural morpheme or the morpheme {-s} is not always realized by the suffix –s. The following are the examples:

    Singular {-s} Plural

    man -s men
    woman -s women
    child -s children
    ox -s oxen
    tooth -s teeth
    foot -s feet
    sheep -s sheep
    deer -s deer

    These morphological forms will determine the arrangement of syntactic structure. In sentence level, the subject must agree with the verb. Look at the examples below:

    (1) The book is on the table.
    (2) The books are on the table.

    (3) The student is in the class.
    (4) The students are in the class.

    (5) The man is in my room.
    (6) The men are in my room.

    (7) The student walks to school.
    (8) The students walk to school.

    (9) The woman goes to the market.
    (10) The women go to the market.

    The examples above show that in present tense, to be which is suitable with the plural morphemes added to the noun is are like in sentence (2), (4), and (6). In sentence (8) and (10), the plural morpheme {-s} need the verb form without inflectional morpheme. Inflectional morpheme {-s} to show present tense is needed in the sentence whose subject is singular or uncountable noun.
    In Phrase level some determiners must agree with the plural morpheme. Look at the following examples.

    (11) this student
    that student
    a student

    (12) these students
    those students
    several students
    many students
    a lot of students
    a few students

    (13) *this students
    *that students
    *these student
    *those student

    In example (11) the determiners this and that need singular noun. The morpheme {-s} is needed in the noun if it comes after the determiners these, those, several, many, a lot of, ad a few like in example (12). The phrases in (13) are not grammatically correct

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  26. What are minimal pairs?

    Say the two words in each row. What difference do you hear between the two words?
    bat pat
    bad bat
    bid bad
    pit bit
    Each set of words varies by only one sound. Words with different meanings that vary by
    only one sound are called minimal pairs. The varying sound can be either a consonant or
    a vowel. As these examples show, minimal pairs can be formed with a sound change
    either at the beginning, middle or end of the word.
    Word initial minimal pairs
    p / b park bark
    t / d to do
    k / g kill gill
    m / n might night
    s / z sue zoo
    f / v fairy very
    th / th thigh thy
    ch / j chill Jill
    l / r lot rot
    w / y wet yet

    Sometimes the same sound can be spelled differently in different words. The sound is
    important, not its spelling.

    so u must

    familiar with those of your language.
    Here are some examples of a few unfamiliar symbols used for common sounds in
    English. Your language may or may not have these sounds.
    1. /ŋ/ The ng sound in “king” and “song”
    2. /ʔ/ The ‘okina (apostrophe) in “Hawai'i”
    3. /ʃ/ The sh sound in “shy” and “ash”
    4. /θ/ The th sound in “thigh”, “three”, and “thank”
    5. // The th sound in “these”, “brother”, and “they”

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  27. phonology
    study of ways in which speech sounds form systems
    and patterns.

    phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds that form meaningful o utterances, to recognize foreign " accent" to make up words or to add the appropriate phonetic segments to form plurals and past tenses.

    phonological knowledge includes information about what sounds can occur at the beginning of the word, what sounds can occur at the end of the word and what sounds can appear next to each other within the syllable.

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  28. This comment has been removed by the author.

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  29. 1.What is phonology?
    Basically, phonology is the study of the speech sound in language when we pronouns. It consists of many different kinds of element we can learn to have a better pronunciation. Phonology term is very important among school teachers, newscasters, and many more. Nowadays as we can see that some teachers and those newscasters they are able to speak with the proper usage of pronunciation so perfectly. By watching and listening to them speaking, we can learn a lot on how to build up our phonological knowledge.

    2. Is phonological knowledge important?
    To me as a teacher or lecturer in a university, it is very essential to have the phonological background knowledge either in daily communication or while working. When we are willing to learn to have a good pronunciation, we can also improve the way we speak and pronounce the words with the correct stress,knowing how to use the short and long vowel. If we are afraid of making mistakes, we will not be able to bring changes in our communication with one another. If we pronounce every word with the correct pronunciation other people will not misunderstand us but if we don’t, people might think we mean different thing.

    3. Phoneme?
    Based on my own understanding, a phoneme is changing units of sounds in a word to another word which could make up a sentence that has different meaning. Examples of phoneme are /b/ for bun and /g/ for gun.

    4.Allophone?
    Means different meaning with the same sound. Examples of allophone with the sound /p/ are ‘pack’ and ‘pick’, /b/ for ‘buy’ and ‘big’. Another examples with the letter /r/ are ‘ring’ and ‘bring’, ‘/c/ for ‘chase’ and ‘purchase’.

    5.Plural morphemes-rules?Exception to the rule?
    i)Plural morphemes-rules
    Singular {-s} Plural Phobetic

    trollies -s [troliz] tag -s [tægz] bat –s [bæts]



    As mentioned above, the plural morpheme or the morpheme {-s} is not always realized by the suffix –s. The following are the examples:

    Singular {-s} Plural
    Goose-Geese
    Mouse-Mice
    ii)Exception to the rule
    pay-pays toy-toys lay-lays ray-rays

    6.Allomorphs?
    It is the variation of sounds of morpheme where there is a small word which did not change the meaning of the word. Allomorph consists of plural morpheme or suffixes such as (-s),(-z) and (-es). For example, eggs/z/, fats/s/, taxes/iz/.
    7.Minimal Pairs
    Minimal pairs means 2 words with one sound different and their meaning are not the same as each other. In an example, the sounds /t/ and /p/ are ‘cat’ and ‘cap’, /s/ and /m/ are ‘bus’ and ‘bum’.

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  30. 1.What is phonology?
    Definition = Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.

    2.Is phonological knowledge important?
    Yes. The aim of phonology is to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages and to explain the variations that occur. Yet when using our language we are able to discount much of this variation, and focus on only those sounds, or properties of sound, that are important for the communication of meaning. We think of our fellow speakers as using the 'same' sounds, even though acoustically they are not. Phonology is the study of how we find order within the apparent chaos of speech sounds.

    3.Phoneme?
    Phonemes are smallest contrastive units of sound in a language that convey meaning.
    For example, changing a syllable in a word will change its meaning, such as changing the "a" in "mad" to an "o" to produce "mod".
    A phoneme can also achieve no meaning by creating non-existent words such as by changing the "m" in "mad" or "mod" to a "j" to produce "jad" or "jod".

    4.Allophone?
    An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language.
    In English, [p] and [ph] are allophones of the /p/ phoneme. Switching allophones of the same phoneme won't change the meaning of the word: [sphIt] still means 'spit'. Switching allophones of different phonemes will change the meaning of the word or result in a nonsense word: [skIt] and [stIt] do not mean 'spit'.

    5.Plural morphemes-rules? Exception to the rule?
    In English, to form the plural noun from the singular one is by adding the plural marker to the noun. The common plural marker or the plural morpheme is the suffix –s.
    Some countable nouns are not added with the suffix –s to make them plural but the number of these types are not as many as those added with the suffix –s. Therefore, this plural morpheme is usually called the morpheme –s because this suffix frequently occurs in the plural noun formation.
    Eg; Singular -{-s} –Plural
    baby -s babies
    bag -s bags
    book -s books
    box -s boxes
    cat -s cats
    dog -s dogs

    As mentioned above, the plural morpheme or the morpheme {-s} is not always realized by the suffix –s. The following are the examples:
    man -s men
    woman -s women
    child -s children
    ox -s oxen
    tooth -s teeth
    foot -s feet
    sheep -s sheep
    deer -s deer


    7.Allomorphs?
    An allomorph is an alternative manifestation of a morpheme (a set of meaningful linguistic units). Allomorphs vary in shape or pronunciation according to their conditions of use, but not as to meaning.
    Here are some examples of allomorphs. In English, the negative prefix in has several allomorphs:
    • In-capable
    • Il-logical
    • Im-probable
    • Ir-reverent


    8.Minimal Pairs.
    Definition= A minimal pair is two words that differ in only one sound.

    Eg:Sounds which differ: /p/ and /b/
    •[lQp] ‘lap’
    •[lQb] ‘lab’

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  31. 1. phonology is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. the speaker of a language unconsciously knows about the sound patterns of a language.

    2. it is really important for an individual to learn phonological knowledge especially we as educator need to learn them. It is because when learn this knowledge it will helps us to pronouns a word in proper way either in daily conversation or in formal talks. Besides that, we will know when we need to stress a word in a sentences to make sure we are pointing the meaning of the word and so on. In additional, it will teach us the proper intonation during we are speaking. therefore, it is a must for each of us to learn this knowledge...

    3. phoneme is the sound type (" in the mind"), however, there are many different versions f that sound type or phones regularly produced in actual speech (" in the mouth").

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  32. 4. Allophones are one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or phones) used to pronounce a single phoneme.

    Compare the sound of the phoneme 'l' at the beginning of the word let, and at the end of the word tell. Generally, when the phoneme 'l' occurs at the beginning of a word, it is formed by the tongue tip creating a complete closure against the gum ridge behind the upper front teeth. The escaping air is allowed to escape over the sides of the tongue laterally. It is a clear, crisp sound and sometimes referred to as clear 'l'. However, when the 'l' appears at the end of a word, the body of the tongue is slightly flatter, with the back of the tongue raised towards the soft palate or velum. The sound is, therefore, said to be velarised.

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  33. 5. The plural morpheme in English is suffixed to the end of most nouns. Regular English plurals fall into three classes, depending upon the sound that ends the singular form:

    Where a singular noun ends in a sibilant sound—/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/,or /dʒ/—the plural is formed by adding /ɨz/. The spelling adds -es, or -s if the singular already ends in -e:
    kiss kisses /ˈkɪsɨz/
    phase phases /ˈfeɪzɨz/
    dish dishes /ˈdɪʃɨz/
    massage massages /məˈsɑːʒɨz/ or /ˈmæsɑːʒɨz/
    witch witches /ˈwɪtʃɨz/
    judge judges /ˈdʒʌdʒɨz/

    When the singular form ends in a voiceless consonant (other than a sibilant) — /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/ or /θ/, — the plural is formed by adding /s/. The spelling adds -s. Examples:
    lap laps /læps/
    cat cats /kæts/
    clock clocks /klɒks/
    cuff cuffs /kʌfs/
    death deaths /dɛθs/

    For all other words (i.e. words ending in vowels or voiced non-sibilants) the regular plural adds /z/, represented orthographically by -s:
    boy boys /bɔɪz/
    girl girls /ɡɜrlz/
    chair chairs /tʃɛərz/

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  34. 7. Allomorph is a linguistics term for a variant form of a morpheme. The concept occurs when a unit of meaning can vary in sound (phonologically) without changing meaning. It is used in linguistics to explain the comprehension of variations in sound for a specific morpheme. Allomorph - Each one of the forms that a morpheme can take. For example, the (regular) plural morpheme in English is realised as three allomorphs, with phonemical values /s/, /z/, and /iz/. Allomorphs can be conditioned by some phonetic issue, or by grammatical features

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  35. 8. minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases in a particular language, which differ in only one phonological element, such as a phone, phoneme, toneme or chroneme and have a distinct meaning. They are used to demonstrate that two phones constitute two separate phonemes in the language.

    As an example for English vowels, the pair "let" + "lit" can be used to demonstrate that the phones [ɛ] (in let) and [ɪ] (in lit) do in fact represent distinct phonemes /ɛ/ and /ɪ/. An example for English consonants is the minimal pair of "pat" + "bat".

    few examples of minimal pairs are:

    lit - light
    bed - bad
    soot - suit
    know - now
    look - luck
    cod - card
    fair - fear
    need - mead
    catch - cash
    fur - fear

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  36. Hi...!!!


    1.Phonology is the study of the sound system of languages.It can recognize the foreign 'accent'..eg:said- sad. Phonology helps to make up words. Phonology also helps to determine how we pronounce morphemes.

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  37. Phonology is a branch of linguistics, closely related to phonetics, which studies the manners of organization and usage of the speech sounds in natural languages. A phoneme is the smallest meaningful unit of sound in the human language .Phonetics is a multi-faceted branch of linguistics with a long history reaching ancient times. phonetics deals with the processes that take place in the vocal tract when humans produce speech sounds. So it takes into consideration the use of the vocal organs, muscle contractions, the airflow and pressure in the vocal tract, as well as intonation, phonation (modulations of the airstream), together with various manners of articulation.

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  38. Phonological knowledge helps us do this by giving us with ways for linking letter clusters with what we know about how words are said. It helps us to detect sounds in spoken words. When we are learning to read words, these sounds provide the hooks to which we can attach the letter clusters.

    A phoneme is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language. A phoneme is a group of slightly different sounds which are all perceived to have the same function by speakers of the language or dialect in question.

    An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language. Allophones are phonetic variations - different pronunciations - of the same phoneme. Using a different allophone does not change meaning. An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language

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  39. 1.What is phonology?

    The term phone is derived from the Greek word phono,meaning sound or voice while logo is word,also from ancient Greece. Thus, phonology is the study of sounds. In our context, phonology is the study of the sound made by a word in a language.

    2.Is phonological knowledge important?

    Extremely pivotal for us to know and understand the phonological kowledge. Most of the time, the word that we utter sounds so similar that it is almost certain we might get the worng idea had we not know the context of the sentence. A classic example is the word BAT and BET. the terms sounds similar, right? How do we know which one are we referring to? This is where phonology comes in.

    3.Phoneme?

    Wikipedia defines phoneme as "the smallest segmental unit of sound employed to form meaningful contrasts between utterances". In plain English, each alphabet in the english language carries a distinctive sound. A good example is grow and glow. Notice how the words are almost similar. The only difference is the letter R and L. However, as we all know, grow and glow have different meaning. Do you FELLOW me, or should i say FOLLOW?

    4.Allophone?

    an allophone is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds used to pronounce a single phoneme. Compare Pin and Spin. The letter P is pronounce [ph] in the first and [p] in the latter.

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